tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91068997598901369412024-03-13T11:34:01.356-07:00XanthopanJacquelineRaehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05835596881834306310noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9106899759890136941.post-82519850235100899752013-04-21T09:33:00.000-07:002013-04-21T09:33:00.885-07:00Colored Pencil Society of America Entries<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hello again!<br /><br />As promised, I am trying to update this a bit more frequently. While these next drawings have already appeared in my deviantART page (http://jacquelinerae.deviantart.com/gallery/), I figured I'd post them here as well since the blog is a bit more easy to navigate to those non-deviants out there.<br /><br />These were both done for the 21st International Exhibition for the Colored Pencil Society of America. These were particularly difficult for two reasons, the first being that applicants can only use reference photos that they personally took. Fortunately, I've been all over the place and have taken lots of cool pictures, so I selected a few photos of the bats at the bat rehabilitation center, <a href="http://www.batreach.com/home.html">Batreach</a>, in Kuranda, Australia, as well as a few of the shingleback lizards I took while in Canberra, Australia. The other difficulty was resisting the urge to edit these in Adobe Photoshop after finishing them. Nearly all of my scientific illustrations, such as the whales posted earlier, are initially drawn in colored pencil and then heavily reworked in Photoshop. Since the two drawings featured here were specifically for a colored pencil competition, I was unable to make even minor digital adjustments! <br /><br />Anyway, here are the drawings. The first is of a few Spectacled Flying Foxes (<i>Pteropus conspicillatus). </i>These enormous animals are in the aptly named group Megachiroptera (essentially meaning 'big bat'). Megachiropterans, or simply Megabats, are only found in the Old World and are primarily frugivorous or nectarivorous, meaning they feed on fruit and flower nectar. Their sensory adaptations reflect their feeding styles. Unlike the New World bats (Microchiropterans) that rely on echolocation to hunt fast-flying insects, megabats are unable to echolocate and rely primarily on their sense of smell and sight to find flowers and fruit on which to feed. Modern human activity threatens both megabat and microbat livelihood in myriad ways. If you are interested in helping to protect and preserve the world's bat biodiversity, I implore you to visit the <a href="http://www.batcon.org/">Bat Conservation International webpage</a> to find ways to help these glorious creatures. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbJAW9OaU1uF9dlhUuZ0L6QfTabllsaVEBiKM7pixWD6MmEj7tq5B7O2x-on6Etgrs5byBSS-2UXcIhcqsfkzLZ3NqR3ruiN_wosI9vmOkm_RM1cjfMrtTweRVCeQ6wlK8-P6GkowS-K7k/s1600/flyingfoxes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbJAW9OaU1uF9dlhUuZ0L6QfTabllsaVEBiKM7pixWD6MmEj7tq5B7O2x-on6Etgrs5byBSS-2UXcIhcqsfkzLZ3NqR3ruiN_wosI9vmOkm_RM1cjfMrtTweRVCeQ6wlK8-P6GkowS-K7k/s400/flyingfoxes.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'Flying Foxes' (aka 'Photobomb') 2013, prismacolors on illustration board</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcMwKYW6OAjyqbtg1h4mzq5kqpBzGJ_sef7xYjGJTtO7ywzYIVkj20Ae2tNtBM1C0kkVrP-g79q92wqAeHZ8fd_xSLg5RKG5xmfWzI5ttdCWZwyrONR29hg0d2NAJH_3lGH3eYqRZQ84gR/s1600/jacbats.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcMwKYW6OAjyqbtg1h4mzq5kqpBzGJ_sef7xYjGJTtO7ywzYIVkj20Ae2tNtBM1C0kkVrP-g79q92wqAeHZ8fd_xSLg5RKG5xmfWzI5ttdCWZwyrONR29hg0d2NAJH_3lGH3eYqRZQ84gR/s320/jacbats.jpg" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Me 'hanging out' with the spectacled flying foxes at BatReach in Kuranda, 2011</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Second drawing is of the Shingleback skink (Tiliqua rugosa). I am not a herp expert, so I actually don't know much about these guys, other than to the untrained eye they look an awful lot like Banksia pods, which to an even less trained eye look an awful lot like pine cones. I fell in love with these lizards as soon I realized that they were neither pine cones nor banksia pods, but were in fact lazy, heavily armored lizards that enjoyed sunning themselves in the atrium area at the Australia National University. ANU had a wonderful little atrium in the middle of the biology building that housed an unbelievable amount of local biodiversity including these shinglebacks, water dragons, long-necked turtles, banksia, and even some really awesome rotting-corpse-smelling fungus that was attracting flies while I was there. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ8jXDiIlcj3SMLoHGxlFGcXaJ8NO4vMQ1QIub-s5-aoMYT8Sk4jVWMKsZl8Mazc4GY6Zt3t_PCC5L65SqhyEXa7iT81_IvKJnHu_EhMRyuX1ZFjgw1L0bkzKrQTQbO9vgSl5H9bl9OFIa/s1600/finished+skinks2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ8jXDiIlcj3SMLoHGxlFGcXaJ8NO4vMQ1QIub-s5-aoMYT8Sk4jVWMKsZl8Mazc4GY6Zt3t_PCC5L65SqhyEXa7iT81_IvKJnHu_EhMRyuX1ZFjgw1L0bkzKrQTQbO9vgSl5H9bl9OFIa/s400/finished+skinks2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shinglebacks, 2013, prismacolor and derwent pencils on illustration board</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Well, that's all for now. I won't know the results of the competition or whether or not I'm even in the show for another week or so, but I will be sure to keep everyone updated! Wish me luck!<br /><br /></span>JacquelineRaehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05835596881834306310noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9106899759890136941.post-57152255192785421022013-04-11T19:32:00.001-07:002013-04-12T12:44:22.823-07:00Updates and Whale Reconstructions<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How did a year go by so quickly?? I started a new graduate
program in May 2012 and have been fairly consumed with research, classes, and studying
ever since. Despite my new work load here at the University of Kentucky,
I still find time to draw every now and then. Since it has been so very
long since I last updated, I will make this a super art-packed post! I have
been channeling the majority of my creative energy over the past year into a
series of ancient whale drawings. I am not finished with this project, but I am
happy to share what I have done thus far.</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /><br />
The first is a reconstruction of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dorudon
atrox.</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dorudon</i> is an extinct
whale ancestor in the family Basilosauridae that lived approximately 33 million
years ago during the Eocene. Unlike modern cetaceans, these early whales still
exhibited hind-limbs as adults. The pelvic girdle is reduced or entirely absent
in modern adult whales and dolphins, however Basilosaurids were still seen with
small hind-limbs. These limbs may or may not have been external, but for the
purposes of my reconstruction (and most others) they are placed on the outside
of the body where they may have functioned in swimming or maneuvering. I based
the shape of these hind fins on the recently discovered <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/11/061106-dolphin-legs.html">Japanese dolphin with fully formed hind flippers</a>.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzz1d-_v1rM1LFwd3zure0PGfVUVpmJbI-0WskZX7_p7XoAMxZ4zP3IqMOzdrAIvWqebfaY0FOq9X__y56T8QPgLEBmtsKgw0i-IVqXhEaYdS4Ud0GzyiTVl_zVOZD6s-RABMF8-xOgp4/s1600/dorudon2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzz1d-_v1rM1LFwd3zure0PGfVUVpmJbI-0WskZX7_p7XoAMxZ4zP3IqMOzdrAIvWqebfaY0FOq9X__y56T8QPgLEBmtsKgw0i-IVqXhEaYdS4Ud0GzyiTVl_zVOZD6s-RABMF8-xOgp4/s640/dorudon2.jpg" width="491" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">More well-known from this group was the enormous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Basilosaurus</i>. These serpentine giants
were likely ambush predators that remained motionless at the bottom of the
Tethys Sea floor until some poor hapless prey animal swam within striking
distance. In contrast, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dorudon</i>
was short and sleek, more similar in size and shape to a modern dolphin. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dorudon</i> likely used its speed and
agility to chase down fish and fast-swimming mollusks. Below is a skeletal
reconstruction of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dorudon</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Basilosaurus</i> side by side for size
comparison. The scale bar represents 1 meter. Yeah, did I mention these things
were ENORMOUS?!</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTiz5AGBLw8fEuS4NdeKBB_ysW4aFEY8FMTG_F3K0AQPyTBOzZ_WF_DWfsV2la2xICP2yxNnHCW-rBz3dmZi1Xmicf2U9ESPKW0DQ_nxYcIibKrBwMN-rJekZhwJZZRUPyL5Th-06ZMFQN/s1600/skeletons+for+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTiz5AGBLw8fEuS4NdeKBB_ysW4aFEY8FMTG_F3K0AQPyTBOzZ_WF_DWfsV2la2xICP2yxNnHCW-rBz3dmZi1Xmicf2U9ESPKW0DQ_nxYcIibKrBwMN-rJekZhwJZZRUPyL5Th-06ZMFQN/s400/skeletons+for+blog.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQVQNF9R08pyA9xlscgAeGRHiWNmzgpP99mVEXiKRWsdRbCJj5TqESongZautXQvpBjXwa4ddt0zp1eR0VktBm0WeA2AjSTRaWxN_8ocB3wA2o8jaP-JpjOYA45nh-XPQSI1cujGGGyWUK/s1600/kutch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />The second reconstruction that I’d like to share is of my
personal favorite, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kutchicetus</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kutchicetus</i> was a small, otter-like
cetacean in the family Remingtonocetidae that lived around 45 million years
ago. Fossils from this extinct were discovered in India by Dr. Hans Thewissen
in 2000. Unlike the Basilosaurids, the Remingtonocetids were most likely able
to walk on land in addition to swimming in the water, much like an otter. While
the fossils that have been uncovered for this animal are absolutely stunning
(particularly the skulls!), the feet still have yet to be discovered. Instead
of taking artistic liberty in reconstructing the feet, I decided to just hide
them completely in the vegetation. I still need to fix a few things on this
drawing, particularly the muscles on the back of the head and the substrate
(there were more clams/oysters at the bottom than I have depicted here), but
overall I’m fairly pleased with the composition and color scheme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmhtLi8YpMtXMsfSU8qcxCd85hUQl0Hwcjpo2uj1Fw9YIvY_ckKqJcmCtiIFHZOrTsGdL91P-H2E-7hybBFR-U1_YNE1raYUaYwMuBJkDEivs9E-NH_rxtpbvz17Fb1-tJno4OgZUB3c29/s1600/newkutch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmhtLi8YpMtXMsfSU8qcxCd85hUQl0Hwcjpo2uj1Fw9YIvY_ckKqJcmCtiIFHZOrTsGdL91P-H2E-7hybBFR-U1_YNE1raYUaYwMuBJkDEivs9E-NH_rxtpbvz17Fb1-tJno4OgZUB3c29/s640/newkutch.jpg" width="508" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Also, to give you a sense for the bizarre shape of this
animal’s head I’ve included an older illustration I did for Dr. Hans Thewissen’s
2009 paper in Journal of Paleontology. It made the cover! <span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRkCo9g25lxnDQuWUr6mURsqKIw-gax2jLxWDuGL9xFl1Gbokm3Nkrhx0M-tUsxheLnUPHOxl2Se7p8Z61hsImRfbBEMjWqpGF_WM7e3gpm1T4FaU-badYuJD1d9wB-wlIgiASjfV4Lu4m/s1600/Journal_Cover_by_JacquelineRae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRkCo9g25lxnDQuWUr6mURsqKIw-gax2jLxWDuGL9xFl1Gbokm3Nkrhx0M-tUsxheLnUPHOxl2Se7p8Z61hsImRfbBEMjWqpGF_WM7e3gpm1T4FaU-badYuJD1d9wB-wlIgiASjfV4Lu4m/s400/Journal_Cover_by_JacquelineRae.jpg" width="308" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
The final whale I will be sharing is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ambulocetus
natans</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ambulocetus</i>, which
literally translates to ‘Walking Whale’, was also discovered by Hans Thewissen
in the early 1990’s in Pakistan and is one of the earliest whale ancestors,
living around 48-50 million years ago. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ambulocetus</i>
was an enormous ambush predator that inhabited both saltwater and freshwater
mangrove environments. I tried to show off its crocodilian-like ambush hunting
style in my reconstruction where I have depicted one particularly large animal
leaping out of the water at an Eocene waterfowl. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ambulocetus</i>
had very large hind feet and powerful hind legs that appeared to be better
adapted to swimming than walking on land but, as its name implies, it was able
to both walk and swim. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim4KclVEGZbtjR3j0wPYuF7D6D8QSuycfLcWmbQFyObLN3e40QckDwVkozH_UwHxTkyrD0Cua4WUGy3UE18u4g5q_J-Ea1rac6zSlvO0CMArkPZYYoRywqpQlGX7XI42aBKdA9Ah87Yopi/s1600/ambulocetus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim4KclVEGZbtjR3j0wPYuF7D6D8QSuycfLcWmbQFyObLN3e40QckDwVkozH_UwHxTkyrD0Cua4WUGy3UE18u4g5q_J-Ea1rac6zSlvO0CMArkPZYYoRywqpQlGX7XI42aBKdA9Ah87Yopi/s640/ambulocetus.jpg" width="506" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Well, that’s all for now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I will have a few more whales and many more birds and insects in the
near future, so stay tuned! <span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Jacqueline<br /><br />References:<br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text">S. Bajpai and J. G. M. Thewissen. 2000. A
new, diminutive Eocene whale from Kachchh (Gujarat, India) and its
implications for locomotor evolution. Current Science 79(10):1478-1489</span></span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">J.G.M. Thewissen, Sunil Bajpai. (2009) New Skeletal
Material of Andewsiphuis and Kutchicetus, two Eocene Cetaceans from India. Journal of Paleontology. 83:
635-663 </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">J.G.M.
Thewissen, S.T. Hussain, and M. Arif (1994). "Fossil evidence for the
origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete whales". <i>Science</i> 263 (5144): 210–212</span></span></span></div>
JacquelineRaehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05835596881834306310noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9106899759890136941.post-1957502759595350182012-03-04T10:31:00.001-08:002012-03-04T10:35:35.099-08:00Cedar Waxwing<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hello Folks!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I'm shifting focus away from arthropods today and introducing one of my favorite bird species, the cedar waxwing (<i>Bobycilla cedrorum</i>). I tend to see these birds hanging around streams and lakes feeding on various red berries. The bird in my drawing is feeding from a dense species of serviceberry (<i>Amelanchier </i>sp.). Although I've been fortunate to spot watch these birds through binoculars on multiple occasions, I actually didn't know much about cedar waxwing biology before attempting this drawing. I will share with you a few interesting facts I found on the Cornell Lab of Ornithology webpage about these beautiful birds. </span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5liwDTUQsW-XGHpeqLWAji-qvka-JT2sEekOdSWyoPg5soMk0NTBPpKP3VGbcR7PCAqXSb71npzAWhUml4LDxBkZeScyQE1qzrizcN6ff6jdsg7bWclT05ZX7-z9wJuMPvu_eDTA8fONf/s1600/cedarwaxwingfinishedname.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5liwDTUQsW-XGHpeqLWAji-qvka-JT2sEekOdSWyoPg5soMk0NTBPpKP3VGbcR7PCAqXSb71npzAWhUml4LDxBkZeScyQE1qzrizcN6ff6jdsg7bWclT05ZX7-z9wJuMPvu_eDTA8fONf/s400/cedarwaxwingfinishedname.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drawn with prismacolor colored pencils on colored matte board.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first bit of information I found interesting about these birds is that they are apparently one of the only North American birds that eat fruit year round. Like all adaptations, their specialized diet comes with costs and benefits. Because berries aren't very nutritious, the birds need to eat a fairly large quantity of fruit to extract the nutrients they need. Sometimes this need to intake large amounts of berries can lead to foraging errors in which birds can potentially poison themselves by feeding on berries that have fermented on the branch. On the other hand, this specialized diet can also protect them from brood parasitism. As many of you may know, Brown-headed cowbirds are brood parasites that lay their eggs in other birds' nests, forcing their hosts to take care of their offspring. Often the hosts can lose their entire brood to starvation when there is a cowbird in the nest. Because the cedar waxwing diet consists almost entirely of berries, cowbird chicks deposited into their nests often starve to death. While I haven't found any data on this, I assume that because cowbird chicks often do not survive in cedar waxwing nests, the cedar waxwing's chicks are more likely to survive a cowbird parasitism event. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGC7tcgc6T5JE0zPy1wGOSiPJKvuKtULx8IQyyG_P6FK17rzsoOpNi0m0ffk8KWnzu0aoupy9u9WLT4zwDYmdjiRd7LtbU7b4tPJb2NWawdWUlxpRenga3zrVX_MtnW7-hzBoVFgKDcFpa/s1600/waxwingzoom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="377" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGC7tcgc6T5JE0zPy1wGOSiPJKvuKtULx8IQyyG_P6FK17rzsoOpNi0m0ffk8KWnzu0aoupy9u9WLT4zwDYmdjiRd7LtbU7b4tPJb2NWawdWUlxpRenga3zrVX_MtnW7-hzBoVFgKDcFpa/s400/waxwingzoom.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail of cedar waxwing.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Life history information taken from:</span><br />
<a href="http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cedar_Waxwing/lifehistory/ac"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cedar_Waxwing/lifehistory/ac</span></a> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reference photo from Robert Harrington (An awesome bird photographer!):<br />
<a href="http://robert-harrington.com/">http://robert-harrington.com/</a></span> <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>JacquelineRaehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05835596881834306310noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9106899759890136941.post-64168668998685229632012-01-05T21:14:00.000-08:002012-01-05T21:14:19.830-08:00Sketches!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Hello everyone!<br />
<br />
Sorry for the long break but I just went through a few very crazy months. I'm changing PhD programs at the moment and that has basically required all of my attention. I have, however, found some time to start drawing in a little Moleskine sketchbook I picked up at the beginning of this semester. I decided that if I can't find the time to create full-size drawings anymore, I can at least do some small-scale, no pressure drawings in my sketchbook that I can share on here.<br />
<br />
So, here are a few of the drawings I've done so far...<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6yRoZisjZpA/TwZ4Z2JI62I/AAAAAAAAACU/chTs8v1IZ5w/s1600/humingbirdmoths.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="330" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6yRoZisjZpA/TwZ4Z2JI62I/AAAAAAAAACU/chTs8v1IZ5w/s400/humingbirdmoths.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nectarivores and bee balm.</td></tr>
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The first sketch is of a few nectarivores (Ruby-throated hummingbird, Anna's hummingbird, <i>Hemaris </i>sp. hawkmoth, and an extraordinarily large honeybee) feeding from a bee balm (<i>Monarda </i>sp.) flower. I decided to do this drawing for a few reasons. First, I really need to improve my botanical illustration skills, so why not start with something that allows me to include subjects I'm already comfortable with, such as insects and birds? Second, I've just never drawn a hummingbird before and was curious about the difficulty involved with drawing metallic feathers. And finally, I've seen three of the four species pictured here feeding at bee balm in my home town and it's just one of those things that always seems beautiful and special, no matter how often you encounter it.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lTZFbDt8cTQ/TwZ6lUKmhwI/AAAAAAAAACg/vLpedGNuguM/s1600/bats.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="301" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lTZFbDt8cTQ/TwZ6lUKmhwI/AAAAAAAAACg/vLpedGNuguM/s400/bats.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Spectacled flying foxes.</td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>The second sketch is of five spectacled flying foxes (<i>Pteropus conspicillatus</i>). Again, in an attempt to improve my botanical illustration skills, I chose a subject that would allow me to include both animals and plants into the composition. I have had a special fondness for these bats ever since my trip to tropical North Queensland where I had the opportunity to witness hundreds of these massive bats leaving their roosts in the evening. Whether creating a cacophony of chattering squawks from their roosts or taking to the wing in the hundreds, these megabats truly are one of the most spectacular animals in the world to observe in the wild.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LPQXeXqOWCg/TwZ-kMIJdkI/AAAAAAAAADE/r0j-H6Iq2Og/s1600/beetle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="326" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LPQXeXqOWCg/TwZ-kMIJdkI/AAAAAAAAADE/r0j-H6Iq2Og/s400/beetle.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Passalid beetles!</td></tr>
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</span></span>The last sketch I feel like sharing tonight is of a fascinating little insect called the passalid beetle. It's also known as the bess beetle, betsy beetle, or patent leather beetle in North America. I actually have a few colonies of these beetles in observatory cages in my house at the moment that I've been monitoring. These beetles form monogamous pairs and males and females contribute equally to care of larvae. Parental care on its own is pretty awesome, but these insects take it to the next level by incorporating cooperative brood care. This means that adult offspring of the monogamous pair will remain in the natal nest (in this case, a rotting log) and help care for their younger siblings by building pupal cases and possibly feeding larvae. As young adults, that is, post pupation and pre-dispersal, the exoskeletons of these beetles are not fully hardened. This is why several of the beetles in the drawing are orange or red; the lighter color indicates a lack of pigment developed by the younger offspring. I could go on for days about these beetles, but I will cut my summary short. Take home message is that these beetles are beautiful live in cooperative family groups in rotting logs.<br />
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'till next time,<br />
JacquelineJacquelineRaehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05835596881834306310noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9106899759890136941.post-17564130882844028132011-04-13T02:42:00.000-07:002011-04-13T02:45:16.001-07:00Velvet Worms!<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Pan) arthropod #2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Our second arthropod is actually not an arthropod at all! It is an onychophoran, which is a close relative to the arthropods (they both belong to the larger group Panarthropoda). Onychophora is a peculiar group of spongy, arthropod-like worms that have legs, segmented bodies and claws. Oh, and they also shoot adhesive slime for their heads for prey capture. For those of you who haven’t had the pleasure of being “glued”, I assure you that the slime is extremely effective at both subduing prey and attaching the worms’ bodies to human fingers. To be honest, I didn’t know much about this group at all until just a few weeks ago when I had the opportunity to collaborate with a world expert on Oncychophora biology, Dr. Dave Rowell, who studies a native Australian velvet worm, <i>Euperipatoides rowelli</i>. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjQzBvjROSgBrf0O0UXcByI-9EnC2EJZMMueYqznR70R7XBKy62OscIlbmOFdqr0GJw30F-XfWk3JsVp4X54kgm23sj6KHLdiE5En6OfLmNkeK_uTF6Ssi5I7PvLwq1KOt4hvtnoMB24G4/s1600/DSCI1289.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjQzBvjROSgBrf0O0UXcByI-9EnC2EJZMMueYqznR70R7XBKy62OscIlbmOFdqr0GJw30F-XfWk3JsVp4X54kgm23sj6KHLdiE5En6OfLmNkeK_uTF6Ssi5I7PvLwq1KOt4hvtnoMB24G4/s320/DSCI1289.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Live E. rowelli caught in Tallaganda State Forest.</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I found this species particularly interesting because it shows evidence of social behavior. For instance, there is a social hierarchy in groups of <i>E. rowelli</i>. Dominant females feed first on prey while the other subordinate worms wait their turn. Dominance is established in these aggregations the same way it is generally established in other social groups- through aggressive behavior. In this case, the aggressive-dominant worms bite and chase the passive-subordinate worms to establish their hierarchical positions. </span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsciCnAl88vUVTjGcvNiEMIgwjFEmfuH4UF2e3A6zi48gqmXFfVZEiizBRiPtw0JcGEAim2hJvPnsxkBxyEAMywfvgTLg4OLyuLs2RKZ2AKB-IR84KFT3kqH9xYObdv10llGGVMXZlPjUC/s1600/onychophoran.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsciCnAl88vUVTjGcvNiEMIgwjFEmfuH4UF2e3A6zi48gqmXFfVZEiizBRiPtw0JcGEAim2hJvPnsxkBxyEAMywfvgTLg4OLyuLs2RKZ2AKB-IR84KFT3kqH9xYObdv10llGGVMXZlPjUC/s400/onychophoran.jpg" width="308" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drawing of Euperipatoides rowelli as they appear inside a rotted log.<br />
Created with prismacolor colored pencils on orange matte board.</td></tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Another interesting finding with regards to this species’ social behavior is its ability to potentially recognize kin. It has been shown that velvet worms that have been taken from the same log are tolerant of one another, however, if they are confronted with worms from a different log they will attack and kill the foreigners. The ability to recognize relatives is extremely important in evolutionary theory because it has long been believed that altruistic behavior evolves when the organisms that cooperate are closely related. In order to cooperate with relatives it is necessary to recognize relatives. I find the evolution of kin recognition particularly fascinating because that is exactly what I am studying in the Australian social huntsman spider!</span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJco8glxU62HNICGB2UPlXFdzRHa7Tl607cc3vtoVF9p7FQAfoOhLnYNGTRNU8RXGObaiwVoi2QOTM2FIVY2ZTaWs5sakXuDGTySbldmXnlIbRRh-8JG5WhmdDbRLaZdq6b9Wg7zPZfx-L/s1600/onychophoranbaby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJco8glxU62HNICGB2UPlXFdzRHa7Tl607cc3vtoVF9p7FQAfoOhLnYNGTRNU8RXGObaiwVoi2QOTM2FIVY2ZTaWs5sakXuDGTySbldmXnlIbRRh-8JG5WhmdDbRLaZdq6b9Wg7zPZfx-L/s400/onychophoranbaby.jpg" width="375" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail of youngster and big adult's head.</td></tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What I enjoyed the most about creating this drawing was that I was able to work with both live specimens that we brought back from the field as well as some amazing reference photos taken by a fellow </span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/nascenthought/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">artist and scientist</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> at ANU. While keeping several of these live worms in my apartment I was pleased to observe that many of the large females we had captured were giving birth to lots of baby velvet worms. And yes, you read correctly, they were giving LIVE birth- not laying eggs. While some velvet worm species have actually independently evolved a true placenta-like connection between the embryo and the mother, <i>E. rowelli </i>does not supply the developing embryos with anything more than the original yolk in the egg. The eggs hatch within the mother worm a few days before she “gives birth” to them. The small gray worm in the upper right-hand corner of my drawing is roughly the relative size and color of a newly born baby onychophoran. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>JacquelineRaehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05835596881834306310noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9106899759890136941.post-43232894656835888272011-04-07T09:06:00.000-07:002011-04-09T02:00:55.176-07:00Introduction and our first arthropod of interest<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hello! Just so that everyone has an idea of what to expect from this blog I'm including a brief introduction for both myself and my objectives for this page. I decided to begin studying biology because, like so many other biologists, I am absolutely fascinated with the natural world. More specifically, I am passionate about discovering the “why” and the “how” for the diverse adaptations of the most abundant (and arguably most important) animals on the planet: the arthropods. Before becoming obsessed with insects and the evolutionary explanations for their behavior, I was an aspiring artist and Studio Art major. Since the primary subject matter of my drawings has always been insects, birds, plants and other living things the switch to biology was incredibly smooth. Studying the behavior and evolution of these fascinating animals was just a way to take my appreciation for their form to the next level by understanding their function. The purpose of this blog will be to celebrate the beauty of some of my favorite arthropods through my art while sharing some interesting facts about their biology and behavior with my followers. Essentially this is a science and art mash-up that I hope is both fun and educational for everyone involved! Enjoy!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Arthropod #1</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9uHWsk0ian_cM6wCscE7CJ9kj90QOEVUgSrkafG9dKbqcry-BsMpPpPM9B5OSKNIx21kqZ_qwbOx54CaT8PTEewyqujWqWMwuzYMo-v48cYusdetBD214rxJgVoewCZ0tjtC70HyS9wyE/s1600/xanthclose.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9uHWsk0ian_cM6wCscE7CJ9kj90QOEVUgSrkafG9dKbqcry-BsMpPpPM9B5OSKNIx21kqZ_qwbOx54CaT8PTEewyqujWqWMwuzYMo-v48cYusdetBD214rxJgVoewCZ0tjtC70HyS9wyE/s400/xanthclose.jpg" width="374" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail of moth from banner.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Arthropod number one is the lovely insect that my blog was named after. The animal’s full name is <b><i>Xanthopan morganii praedicta</i></b>, also known as Darwin’s Hawk Moth, and it is shown preparing to drink nectar from an <i>Angraecum sesquipedale</i> orchid on my blog banner. I created my banner in Photoshop CS5 using an Adesso tablet. This was one of those rare pieces where once I began drawing it I could not stop until the whole thing was complete, which took about 10 hours all together. While I could make the case that the morphological features of this animal are exquisite enough to more than justify its incorporation into a drawing, it was actually the biology and history that drew me to this creature.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i>Xanthopan morganii praedicta</i> is a popular example of one of the first predictions ever made in the field of evolution. After receiving a few specimens of the orchid, <i>Angraecum sesquipedale</i>, the great naturalist Charles Darwin commented on the flowers’ incredibly long spurs which extend for nearly a foot behind the flowers. For those of you who know even less about plants than I do, the long spur that he was impressed by is the structure on a flower that holds the nectar which many insects, birds and bats feed on. Judging by the incredible length of the spur, Darwin deduced that such an exaggerated structure for holding nectar implies the existence of a pollinator with an equally exaggerated structure for obtaining that nectar. Sure enough, over 40 years later, that pollinator was discovered. The West African/Madagascan moth with the foot long tongue was discovered in 1903 and was quickly identified as the one and only pollinator to the long spurred<i> A. sesquipedale</i> that Darwin received in 1862. The moth was named <i>Xanthopan morganii praedicta</i> in honor of the brilliant prediction of its existence proposed by Charles Darwin.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYmAlAQqWEVPTE1s0oVKy7OWYh9yXC4rx6OdCwclBuHsUyBlh0n7zN4zBbHQ108aYHSKeL0_PkgiyTIKRvbpzoiOeixqFSJVWlfkPNLRcjWESyXuNs8tPLWm9-lxTWz4tZT6jsZMxP8kNL/s1600/xanthclose2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYmAlAQqWEVPTE1s0oVKy7OWYh9yXC4rx6OdCwclBuHsUyBlh0n7zN4zBbHQ108aYHSKeL0_PkgiyTIKRvbpzoiOeixqFSJVWlfkPNLRcjWESyXuNs8tPLWm9-lxTWz4tZT6jsZMxP8kNL/s400/xanthclose2.jpg" width="374" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail of orchids from banner.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Although the historical importance of <i>Xanthopan</i> to the field of evolutionary biology is clear, this animal’s intrigue does not end with its predicted discovery in 1903. Why do these two organisms have such exaggerated features to begin with? The answer is coevolution. While the exact series of events that led up to this interesting partnership between flower and pollinator are still under debate, it is clear that these two organisms have adapted and evolved in response to each other. One possibility is that flowers with longer spurs were pollinated more successfully by moths. By keeping its nectar at the end of a long tube, the orchid ensures that the moth gets close enough to the flower to successfully remove the pollen with its proboscis. Selective pressure is then put on the moth to develop a longer proboscis over time to ensure that it can effectively feed on the orchid’s nectar. This progression of elongation of spur and proboscis continue until some new selective pressure halts the process. A new selective pressure could be placed on the moth if the long proboscis is too unwieldy and makes it more vulnerable to predation. Selective pressure could also be placed on the orchid if the energy spent on creating the long spur must instead be used on developing some other structure on the plant, such as leaves or roots. Another theory for the development of the long proboscis/spur combination involves a move towards specialization in which the flower develops a long spur to prevent non-specialist moths with shorter proboscises from feeding on it. This creates co-dependence between the flower and the moth which means that the flower is guaranteed pollination and the moth is guaranteed nectar in the relationship. Yet another theory proposes that the long proboscises are an adaptation developed by the moths to avoid predation by spiders that hide on flowers and ambush pollinators. By having a long proboscis, the moth is able to drink nectar from a farther distance and keep itself out of reach of predatory spiders. In this scenario, the moth is putting pressure on the flower to elongate its spur to make certain the moth gets close enough to the flower to successfully pollinate it. The cool thing about this last theory is that, unlike the first two explanations, in this case the moth is actually making the first evolutionary move and the flower is just changing to keep up with its pollinator.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">That may have been an excessive description of this moth’s importance in evolutionary biology but seeing as how it is essentially the mascot of this blog a lengthy description is appropriate. </div>JacquelineRaehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05835596881834306310noreply@blogger.com13